https://hsd.ias.ac.ir/ Development of humanities en daily 1 Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://hsd.ias.ac.ir/article_230101.html Critical realism, based on its distinctive ontology and epistemology, provides a specific methodology for studying social phenomena and identifying the underlying generative mechanisms of these phenomena and events .This paper explores the methodological challenges associated with applying critical realism in organizational and management studies. Critical realism, with its emphasis on the stratification of reality, causal mechanisms, and the interplay between structure and agency, offers a robust alternative to positivist and interpretivist paradigms. However, operationalizing this philosophical framework in organizational research presents several challenges, particularly in identifying and empirically validating causal mechanisms, integrating quantitative and qualitative methods, and maintaining sensitivity to context. The paper first examines the philosophical foundations of critical realism, then explores its methodological challenges, and finally proposes strategies to overcome these challenges. These strategies include developing research frameworks, integrating abductive and retroductive reasoning, and promoting methodological pluralism. The purpose is to enhance the theoretical rigor and practical impact of management and organizational research by effectively leveraging the potential of critical realism. https://hsd.ias.ac.ir/article_230103.html This article consists of two sections. In the first section, the meaning and nature of religious science are examined through a genealogical and historical lens. It is demonstrated that the issue of religious science has emerged within our intellectual-philosophical tradition and cultural history in the context of discussions about the relationship between science and religion. What has historically been debated in our tradition is closely tied to a theological approach, focusing on the interaction and relationship between science and religion.In the second section, drawing upon the findings of the first section and considering significant perspectives on religious science, a sympathetic approach is adopted. Utilizing the philosophy of Mulla Sadra and by grounding science in will, the concept of the life-world, and history, it is argued that if the discussion of religious science is limited to this historical background, it becomes possible to defend a specific understanding of the feasibility of religious science (as a process rather than a foundation). This approach helps address and mitigate many of the criticisms directed at the concept of religious science. https://hsd.ias.ac.ir/article_230106.html The present research with a transdisciplinary approach is a scientific study of religion, combination of sociology of religion and institutional political economy, which in the form of a descriptive-analytical study deals with the issue of how economic approaches and religious and faith approaches in the theoretical constellation supporting the structural adjustment program (SAP) encounter with the religious? In response, the documentary method employed in the form of fundamental research. The findings indicate that in this encounter, a model of the return of religion to the public sphere in a neoliberal, evangelical and neoconservative style is emerging within the context of financial and rentier capitalism. In the economic approaches supporting SAP, three trends were identified: "The financialization of the collective life system", "the inversion of the welfare state" and "the inflammation and pervasive rupture resulting from the implementation of SAP as a multidimensional destructive prescription". In the religious approaches supporting SAP, three trends were identified: "construction and domestication the religious justification for the inversion of the welfare state through evangelization of religions", "The return of religion to the public sphere in the neoliberal and evangelical style" and "the formation of neoliberal and evangelical resistance spiritualities". Thus, the dominance of the religious enterprise logic has led to the inversion and evacuation of justice and freedom. SAP becomes the engine of creating consecutive shocks and uncertainty. It involves people and governments in colonial relations and global institutional domination. The religious is inverted and evacuated. The colonization and the collapse of religion are accelerating. https://hsd.ias.ac.ir/article_230124.html The aim of the present study was to develop an Iranian-Islamic model of career counseling based on the contribution approach and its evaluation and comparison with Allen and Meyer's three-factor model of organizational commitment. The present study approach was qualitative and used the grounded theory method (Glaisery). Using purposive sampling, 25 employees in Isfahan economic organizations were selected and, in accordance with the principles of the contribution approach, their views on organizational commitment were examined through semi-structured interviews. Then, through open, axial, and selective coding, the foundations of organizational commitment were extracted based on the contribution approach. In the next step, for evaluation with the Allen and Meyer model, their article titled "Assessment and Prediction of Affective, Continuity, and Normative Components in Organizational Commitment" was purposefully selected, and using the content analysis method, its basic concepts were extracted by coding primary, secondary, and main themes, and discussed as the basis for evaluating the extracted model. The results of the model based on the contribution approach centered on organizational commitment in four dimensions: teleology and quality of action in existence; perception of the continuity of the elements of existence; capacity for continuous balancing and enrichment of the organizational environment, which were evaluated in the comprehensive final evaluation and analysis of Allen and Meyer's three-factor model of organizational commitment and beyond. This model showed in the dimensions of ontology that job commitment can be a matter dependent on the type of ontology; Therefore, the multiple dimensions of commitment and focus on material and spiritual motivations demonstrate the comprehensiveness of this model compared to Allen and Meyer's three-factor model. https://hsd.ias.ac.ir/article_230126.html National solidarity, according to the second article of Islamic Republic of Iran constitution is a duty of state. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, intends to study the theoretical bases for justifying the right to national solidarity, the examples of this right in legal systems and its internal structure. The research results showed that right to national solidarity is rooted in individual autonomy and the need for human safety from social vulnerabilities. This right is reflected in the constitutions of countries such as France, and despite its stipulation in the Iranian constitution, no law has been passed to define and explain the mechanisms for its realization. National solidarity is structurally a composite right consisting of the right to claim, the right to freedom, the right to power, and the right to immunity in the areas of identity, power, wealth, and national protection. https://hsd.ias.ac.ir/article_230127.html Challenges confronting states in recent years have significantly impacted how societies are governed and how public services are delivered adequately. This issue has led to the introduction of the governance approach emphasizing networking and leveraging the resources and capacities of actors and stakeholders from diverse sectors. Given the varied interpretations of governance by scholars and researchers, each emphasizing specific aspects based on their respective areas of expertise, a wide range of definitions of governance has emerged in the literature. This study employs thematic synthesis to examine various definitions of governance, as different scholars propose. Ultimately, the study categorizes these definitions into seven broad categories: structure, function, process (procedure), role, mechanism, level, goals and outcomes. Each of these categories encompasses subcategories that can accommodate various definitions of governance, thereby reducing conceptual confusion among researchers and facilitating the appropriate application of the governance concept in their studies. https://hsd.ias.ac.ir/article_230129.html The proliferation of new technologies in the digital landscape presents significant challenges for policymakers and scholars in public policy and administration.The rapid pace of technological development and decentralization of the digital world has resulted in a “pacing problem” between existing regulatory frameworks and the changing technological landscape. This information asymmetry gap complicates public authorities and regulatory bodies to effectively govern and regulate the latest digital revolutions. One such advancement that allows entering the 3D world is the Metaverse, which represents the important step in the evolution of the internet from a two-dimensional interaction to a three-dimensional immersive experience. Metaverse enables opportunities for alternative public services such as health, education, and infrastructure. However, it also poses privacy, data protection, interoperability, and cybersecurity risks. This research examines the digitalization of the public sector and the current regulatory gaps in the virtual universe. Besides, the research considers the potential opportunities and threats that Metaverse technology will reveal in the administrative field within the context of “digital era governance” (DEG). Furthermore, the concept of “Metaverse governance” and its various components and research agenda are examined in depth.The research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the implications of the Metaverse on public policy and administration and to identify potential solutions to the challenges posed by this technology.The findings of the research showed that along with the progress of Metaverse, governments should develop strategies and policies for research and infrastructure strengthening, and cooperation with private sector and have agile legal standards https://hsd.ias.ac.ir/article_230131.html Background:Given the increasing importance of human resource productivity in organizations, behavioral nudges have emerged as effective tools for improving organizational performance. This study aims to identify and comprehensively analyze factors influencing the success of behavioral nudge interventions in enhancing employee productivity. The present research seeks to provide a comprehensive framework for better understanding the mechanisms through which these interventions operate in organizational settings.Method: This study employed a meta-synthesis approach. From 95 articles published between 2015-2024, 20 articles were selected for final analysis after a five-stage screening process including removal of duplicates (21%), title screening (26%), abstract evaluation (21%), content review (11%), and quality assessment based on critical appraisal skills checklist, with selected articles scoring above 35. Data were analyzed using Shannon entropy method.Findings: Influential factors were classified into three main dimensions: organizational factors (including organizational and managerial infrastructure, design and implementation mechanisms), human factors (including individual factors and personal differences, social and cultural components), and contextual factors. Individual factors and personal differences showed the highest importance with an information weight of 0.1447, followed by organizational and managerial infrastructure (0.1258). The total Shannon entropy value of 0.9843 indicated a balanced distribution of themes.Conclusion: The effectiveness of behavioral nudges in improving employee productivity requires a holistic and integrated approach that simultaneously considers individual, organizational, and environmental factors. This study demonstrated that special attention to individual differences and socio-cultural values is essential in designing these interventions. Additionally, the success of these interventions requires appropriate organizational infrastructure and continuous evaluation methods https://hsd.ias.ac.ir/article_230132.html The longstanding conflict between holism and specialism has remained a significant point of contention within the sciences, particularly in the field of management studies. This paper examines the theoretical foundations of both holism and specialism, their historical evolution, and their implications for contemporary managerial practices. In this research, we employed a systematic review methodology, analyzing 120 peer-reviewed articles related to holism and specialism. The first phase of data analysis was conducted using content analysis, while the second phase involved NVivo software to generate a knowledge map and identify core conceptual clusters. The findings reveal that a balanced integration of holistic and specialized perspectives is essential for effective decision-making and fostering organizational innovation. Each approach—holism and specialism—offers distinct advantages and disadvantages. Drawing on interdisciplinary sources and utilizing dialectical logic as a conceptual framework, we propose a synthesized model to address this longstanding theoretical gap, which we term the Dialectical Coexistence of Holism and Specialism. This model suggests that by combining both approaches and implementing integration strategies, organizations can transcend binary conflicts and leverage the unique strengths of each paradigm, thus advancing toward optimal and context-responsive management solutions.